Technological Characteristics Research Articles

Using horse teeth to shape stone tools: an experimental approach to characterise use-wear traces

Horse tooth retouchers have been identified in several Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites. They have been typically characterised as ‘soft’ hammers and/or grouped into the category of ‘bone retouchers’ at a technical level. Bone and teeth have different chemical compositions; teeth are denser and heavier than bone, and consequently, their technological features should not be considered homologous. In this work, we experimentally tested the effectiveness of horse teeth as retouchers. To perform this study, we used 41 modern horse teeth to shape flakes of various raw materials by applying different techniques. The resulting use-wear traces were analysed using high-resolution methods and then characterised. The results allowed us to identify the effectiveness of hypsodont teeth in knapping a wide range of tools and to evaluate the influence of 1) the raw materials, 2) the retouching techniques and 3) the gestures of the different knappers on the morphology of the use-wear marks. This work sheds light on the purpose of using teeth as tools by both Neanderthal and early modern human populations as well as understanding how these human species used them. The study leads us to consider tooth retouchers as important elements of the chaîne opératoire in lithic manufacture. Our goal is to highlight the importance of these types of experimental studies to create analogies and infer past processes.

FEM Modeling Strategies: Application to Mechanical and Dielectric Sensitivities of Love Wave Devices in Liquid Medium

This paper presents an extended work on the Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of Love Wave (LW) sensors in a liquid medium. Two models are proposed to simulate the multiphysical response of the sensor. Both are extensively described in terms of principle, composition and behavior, making their applications easily reproducible by the sensor community. The first model is a Representative Volume Element (RVE) simulating the transducer and the second focuses on the sensor’s longitudinal (OXZ) cut which simulates the multiphysical responses of the device. Sensitivity of the LW device to variations in the rheological and dielectric properties of liquids is estimated and then compared to a large set of measurements issued from LW sensors presenting different technological characteristics. This integral approach allows for a deeper insight into the multiphysical behavior of the LW sensor. This article also explores the advantages and drawbacks of each model. Both are in good accordance with the measurements and could be used for various applications, for which a non-exhaustive list is proposed in the conclusion.

The Directions for Improving the Surface Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Prospective directions for increasing efficiency of the drains by improving the systems for collection, disposal and treatment of surface wastewater have been considered. The design and technological features of treatment facilities in operation have been analyzed. The significant shortcomings have been identified, as a result of which the quality of purified water discharged into water bodies, declared by manufacturers, is reduced and the operation is complicated. Promising directions for resolving the identified problems have been recommended: targeted formation of surface wastewater flows, increasing the engineering and technological level of mono-block structures, the use of modern structural materials, providing the possibility of remote monitoring and control of the technological process, as well as timely routine maintenance.

Technology of dry extract from the <i>Filipendula ulmaria</i> (L.) Maxim. and preliminary assessment of its safety profile

Introduction. Medicines of natural origin have advantages over synthetic drugs and occupy a significant share in the assortment of pharmacies. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., characterized by a chemical composition rich in phenolic compounds and various types of biological activity has the potential in terms of the development of new herbal medicines. In an in vivo experiment, F. ulmaria extract showed immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, osteogenic activity and effectively stimulated myelopoiesis in conditions of microbial damage of bone tissue.Aim. Development of an optimal technology for obtaining dry extract of F. ulmaria by remaceration and investigation of its аcute toxicity.Materials and methods. The technology of extract was developed in a laboratory reactor equipped with a water heater jacket and a stirrer. The content of flavonoids was determined by differential spectrometry. Flowability was determined on a flowability tester for powders and granules, bulk density was determined on a bulk density tester for powders and granules, moisture content was developed on a moisture content analyzer. Acute toxicity was determined on Wistar rats.Results and discussion. The dry extract of F. ulmaria, obtained using 70 % ethanol by remaceration, is effective in conditions of microbial damage of bone tissue and bone marrow, which determined the choice of extragent and the type of extract. The optimal parameters for obtaining the extract were determined (three-fold maceration at a water jacket temperature of 80 °C, the ratio of raw materials to extragent 1 : 14, time 30 min), its main technological characteristics were determined and a wet granulation method for improving them was proposed. In the study of acute toxicity of the extract, according to the results of toxicometry for 14 days after administration and necropsy data, the studied extract was classified as low-toxic substance.Conclusion. The dry extract of F. ulmaria, obtained by remaceration using 70 % ethanol, has specific activity in conditions of microbial damage to bone tissue. Optimal extraction parameters allow to increase the yield of target components, it is advisable to improve the technological parameters of the extract by wet granulation. The assessment of the safety profile of the dry extract from F. ulmaria, along with its high biological activity, provides a perspective for its further study and implementation into medical practice.

Is lithium from geothermal brines the sustainable solution for Li-ion batteries?

The rising demand for Li, paramount for energy storage, necessitates expanded supply. As the supply is concentrated in a few countries, this poses supply chain risks for Li-ion battery makers. To diversify suppliers, alternative Li ore deposits such as geothermal brines are being explored. However, Li extraction from geothermal brines is challenging due to the unique chemistry and elevated temperatures. Since Li-extraction from geothermal brines is in its infancy, data availability and quality are still poor, hampering life cycle assessments. Hence, this study provides a parametrized life cycle inventory model of Li carbonate production from geothermal brines. The model accounts for site-specific environmental conditions and technological features. Life cycle impacts at the Salton Sea in the US (1686 cases) and the Upper Rhine Graben in Germany (1982 cases) are quantified. The high case numbers are chosen to mitigate the high uncertainties in input parameters. Specifically, the brine chemistry, adsorption yield, drilling required and energy inputs are varied. Climate change impacts of selected cases vary within 18–59 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate at the Salton Sea and within 5.3–46 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate at the Upper Rhine Graben, compared to 2.1–11 kg CO2eq/kg Li carbonate in existing ecoinvent data sets. The wide range of potential impacts underscore the necessity of early-stage assessments of the technologies. In case of high drilling demand and use of fossil energy, climate change impacts of Li-ion batteries using Li carbonate from geothermal brines can increase by 30–41 % compared to literature values.

Views of Parents on Using Technology-Enhanced Toys in the Free Play of Children Aged One to Four Years

New technology has brought about a novel approach to play termed digital play. Digital play shares many characteristics with traditional play but also presents new possibilities (e.g., building concepts and skills about STEM, opportunities for physical, outdoor activities). Despite new toys with technological characteristics being popular, there is limited research on this specific area for children under four years old and their parents. This study explored parental perspectives and was part of a larger investigation that examined 68 (38 boys and 30 girls) very young children’s (1–4 years) engagement with technology-enhanced toys (TETs) in early childhood settings. A sequential explanatory design was employed, wherein parents completed questionnaires before and after their children engaged with TETs. Statistical and thematic analysis revealed that family demographics play an important role in children ‘s use of TETs and digital technologies (e.g., on the quality of engagement with their children during playing with TETs). Parents noted improvements in their children’s skills, including fine motor skills, language, and creativity. This study underscores the importance of considering parental backgrounds in digital technology initiatives for early childhood development. Policymakers and educators may benefit from these insights to tailor digital integration and support children’s digital competence effectively.

Keep your enemies safer: technical cooperation and transferring nuclear safety and security technologies

Even during the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union cooperated on nuclear safety and security. Since accidental or unauthorized nuclear detonations anywhere threaten peace everywhere, it seems straightforward that states more experienced in developing nuclear safety and security technologies would transfer such methods to other states. Yet, the historical record is mixed. Why? While existing explanations focus on the political costs and proliferation risks faced by the transferring state, this article argues that specific technological features condition the feasibility of assistance. For more complex nuclear safety and security technologies, robust technical cooperation is crucial to build the necessary trust for scientists to transfer tacit knowledge without divulging sensitive information. Leveraging elite interviews and archival evidence, my theory is supported by four case studies: US sharing of basic nuclear safety and security technologies with the Soviet Union (1961–1963); US withholding of complex nuclear safety and security technologies from China (1990–1999) and Pakistan (1998–2003); and US sharing of complex nuclear safety and security technologies with Russia (1994–2007). My findings suggest the need to examine not only the motivations behind nuclear assistance but also the process by which it occurs and the features of the technologies involved, with implications for how states cooperate to manage the global risks of emerging technologies.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЗАМКНУТОГО ЦИКЛА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ГИПСА ИЗ ОТХОДА ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И ДЫМОВЫХ ГАЗОВ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИИ

A closed-cycle technology for building gypsum producing using energy waste and flue gases of thermal power plants has been developed. The technology is based on an absorption method for purifying gas emissions from industrial enterprises from sulfur dioxide SO2 using a suspension of carbonate sludge and obtaining a finished product – gypsum dihydrate. The commercial gypsum is obtained by using a suspension of carbonate sludge as a reagent. The suspension is formed at the stage of preliminary purification of natural water during coagulation and liming. Coagulation is carried out with ferrous sulfate heptate FeSO4×7H2O, liming – with a saturated solution of lime milk Ca(OH)2. As a result of combining the two processes, a suspension of a certain chemical composition is formed. The chemical composition of the sludge and its technological characteristics are presented. The main substance in the chemical composition is calcium carbonate CaCO3, which allows using a sludge suspension in the chemical reaction of the interaction of flue gases from thermal power plants with the formation of building gypsum. An absorber with a fluidized nozzle has been selected and designed to purify gas emissions from wet suspensions and produce commercial dihydrate gypsum. Hollow or solid hydrophobic polyethylene balls were selected as nozzles to reduce the adhesion of sludge suspension particles to their surface. A technological scheme is presented for purifying flue gases from sulfur dioxide to obtain the finished product – building gypsum. The scheme includes the proposed adsorber, sludge suspension tank, hydrocyclone and filter press. The cost of the resulting commercial building gypsum was calculated, which amounted to 15 rub./year, the payback period was 3,5 years. The prevented environmental harm from soil and land degradation from the introduction of this technology at thermal power plants was calculated by reducing the emission of sulfur dioxide into the air, which amounted to about 1 mil. rub./year.

Typomorphic and Technological Characteristics of Quartz of the Mica-Pegmatite Formation on the Example of the Berkutinskaya Vein (South Urals)

Abstract ––Understanding the origin of quartz veins of the mica-pegmatite formation is of great importance for deciphering the emplacement conditions for the of commercially prospective quartz targets. On the example of the Berkutinskaya vein, which is the typical metamorphogenic quartz deposit of the mica-pegmatite formation of the South Urals, we study the source and origin of the mineral-forming fluid, temperatures of quartz formation, the structure of intergranular boundaries, their morphometric feature, the fractal dimension of quartz grains and commercial characteristics of quartz grit. An integrated approach to the study of the typomorphic features of quartz allowed us to assess their impact on the technological characteristics of quartz concentrates. Comparison of data on the content of impurity elements in the Berkutinskaya quartz vein with quartz of the vein No. 175 of OOO Russian Quartz and IOTA-std (Sibelco) showed that the Berkutinskaya quartz vein is promising for commercial development.

The benefits of experimental breeding research genotypes for the genetic resources of spring durum wheat

AbstractOur study aimed to incorporate 60 newly acquired spring durum wheat genotypes into the Prague Gene Bank collection, focusing on 54 experimental breeding research genotypes and their technological quality contributions for conservation and future use. We analyzed a total of 11 field and 6 technological parameters of grain quality. Additionally, we identified the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) in 13 accessions with contrasting technological characteristics. Two different extraction procedures were employed to detect HMW-GSs: one based on total protein extraction and the other on gliadin pre-extraction. The tested parameters exhibited a significant range of variability, with the relative standard deviation ranging from 2.1% for starch content to 96.7% for the gluten index. Additionally, six breeding research genotypes exhibited high technological grain quality comparable to the two modern durum wheat cultivars. Two accessions: M90-99–2 and IG 142076 showed above-average Zeleny sedimentation values, probably positively influenced by the presence of HMW-GSs A1: (2*). Genotypes PI 675012 and IG 142039 displayed the highest grain stability in technological parameters. Both extraction methods also detected the specific subunit B1: (6 + 8*) in the genotype IG 142039. Preserving these genotypes thus represents a substantial expansion of genetic resources in the genebank.

Use of criteria for process optimization elevator complex routing

The goal of the work. The purpose of this work is to describe the optimality criteria for determining the direction of solving the problem of optimizing transport and technological routes of grain products at the elevator complex. Research methods. An analytical research method was applied to determine the technological characteristics of the elevator complex line and the dependence of the quality of transported products on the constructed transportation route. A mathematical method is applied to describe the constituent elements of the optimization criteria. Obtained results. One of the directions for increasing and improving the technological process at the elevator was determined, by improving the control algorithms in the direction of optimizing the technological processes of the elevator according to many criteria. According to optimization criteria, to ensure optimal transportation conditions, minimum losses, minimum transportation time, minimum energy consumption, and minimum length of the laid transportation path should be used, therefore, a description of the main criteria that can primarily affect the efficiency of the elevator complex was performed. Scientific news. The direction of solving the problem of optimization of transport and technological routes is determined. Analytical derivation of the minimum energy consumption criterion and the minimum grain fight criterion. Practical value. Optimization of the elevator complex to ensure variable transportation of grain masses, which will affect the productivity and quality of the technological process of the elevator complex.

Trends in the Development of Acupuncture-Related Technologies Based on Patents in South Korea.

Several studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of acupuncture, but none have reviewed patent trends related to acupuncture as an intervention. This study analyzed trends in patents for the development of acupuncture-related technologies in Korea. The Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS) was searched for information on acupuncture-related patents registered until August 11, 2021, without any limit on the search period. Only acupuncture and electro-acupuncture were included in this review. The current status, contents, and technological characteristics of the relevant patents were analyzed systematically to identify the overall status of acupuncture-related patents. Overall, 126 patents were identified from the KIPRIS database, of which 93 were unrelated to the research topic and were excluded. Finally, 33 patents were assessed. Interest in the development of acupuncture technology has increased steadily over the past decade. Patent applications reached their peak in 2018 with six instances, while patent registration peaked in 2019 with seven instances. The interval between the application and registration of an individual patent was 14.3 months (449 days). Twenty-two acupuncture-related patents were for acupuncture (66.6%) and 11 for electro-acupuncture (33.3%). The technical specifications for the patents included acupuncture devices (30.3%), acupuncture manufacturing methods and equipment (36.4%), and electro-acupuncture devices (33.3%). Acupuncture-related technology currently focuses on technological advancements for the safe and effective delivery of stimulation. The findings demonstrate trends toward new diverse and complex technological advancements for acupuncture devices, manufacturing methods and equipment, and electro-acupuncture devices.

Pegylated-liposomes increase the efficacy of Idelalisib in lymphoma B-cells

New drugs and technologies are continuously developed to improve the efficacy and minimize the critical side effects of cancer treatments. The present investigation focuses on the development of a liposomal formulation for Idelalisib, a small-molecule kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Idelalisib is a potent and selective antitumor agent, but it is not indicated nor recommended for first-line treatment due to fatal and serious toxicities. Herein, liposomes are proposed as a delivery tool to improve the therapeutic profile of Idelalisib. Specifically, PEGylated liposomes were prepared, and their physicochemical and technological features were investigated. Light-scattering spectroscopy and cryo-transmission electron microscopy revealed nanosized unilamellar vesicles, which were proved to be stable in storage and in simulated biological fluids.The cytotoxicity of the liposome formulation was investigated in a human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cell line. Idelalisib was able to induce death of tumor cells if delivered by the nanocarrier system at increased efficacy. These findings suggest that combining Idelalisib and nanotechnologies may be a powerful strategy to increase the antitumor efficacy of the drug.

Production of soft unripened cheeses using acidic and salty coagulants: Investigation of technological and sensory characteristics.

Soft cheeses are coagulated milk products obtained through acidification or applying a combination of acids and heat. In this research, in order to improve technological characteristics, the effects of different coagulants (salt and acids) and process parameters (temperature and homogenization pressure) on the organoleptic, textural, and functional characteristics of soft (unripened) cheese were investigated. The results revealed significant differences between cheeses coagulated with acid and mineral salt regarding protein recovery, fat content, and moisture content (p < .05). Acidic coagulants (74%-94%) resulted in higher cheese yield compared to mineral salt (66%-88%). Texture analysis indicated that the cheese produced with acetic acid had a firmer texture, while samples treated with citric acid exhibited better cohesiveness. Cheeses produced with minerals displayed more acceptable organoleptic characteristics regarding flavor, odor, and texture. This study offers valuable technological insights into cheese production with the highest yield and maximum acceptability.

Research of the properties of protein hydrolysates obtained from the broiler chicken gizzards as a potential component of bioactive film coatings

Protein hydrolysates are a promising active component in the production of bioactive film coatings for food products. Some biopolymers can exert the biological activity. More often, however, it is necessary to select biologically active substances to impart these properties to films. On the other hand, not all components allow forming films with the required properties, and therefore there is a need to study the individual technological characteristics of the components used. The purpose of the research is to establish the antioxidant and technological properties of protein hydrolysates obtained by microbial fermenta- tion of poultry by-products in whey with bifidobacteria, propionic acid bacteria and acidophilic bacteria as a potential basis for bioactive film coatings of food products. The hydrolysate obtained by fermentation without the addition of the specified bacterial species was used as a control sample. The functional properties of protein hydrolysates were assessed: antioxidant capacity by coulometric titration on an Expert-006 coulometer using ascorbic acid as a standard, antiradical activity by the DPPH method on a Jenway 6405 UV/Vis spectrophotometer with determination of the IC50 value. The technological proper- ties, solubility, water-holding, fat-holding and fat-emulsifying capacities were also determined by the gravimetric method. In addition, the average hydrodynamic diameter of particles in protein hydrolysates was determined using a Microtrac FLEX particle size analyzer. The results of studies of the antioxidant properties showed that the DPPH antiradical activity was 14.7% higher in the experimental samples of hydrolysates obtained by fermentation with bifidobacteria compared to the control; samples of hydrolysates obtained by fermentation with propionic acid bacteria showed an antioxidant capacity 29.6% higher than that of the control sample. The IC50 value turned out to be the highest in the control hydrolysate sample (2.994 mg/ml), which was 45.5–53.3% higher than that in the experimental hydrolysate samples. The results of determining the technologi- cal properties showed that they differ significantly for protein hydrolysates obtained by fermentation with different types of bacteria. For example, the highest values of fat-holding and fat-emulsifying capacities were found in the hydrolysate obtained by fermentation with bifidobacteria (351.1% and 61%, respectively), which shows its potential for incorporation into the bio- composite in the form of a protein-oil emulsion. The high solubility of the experimental samples of hydrolysates (from 90.1 to 91.4%) suggests their uniform distribution in the aqueous phase when composing the biocomposite of the film. Thus, the research results have shown the prospects of using protein hydrolysates from the gizzards of broiler chickens in whey as an active component of bioactive film coatings. The antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates allow slowing down oxidative processes in the main food nutrients, which will contribute to an increase in the shelf life of food products packaged in bioac- tive films with this component.

Evaluation of the technological and compositional features of pancakes fortified with Acheta domesticus

This work focused on the nutritional and technological evaluation of pancakes fortified with increasing Acheta domesticus powder (AP) levels. Scientific literature underscores AP's potential as an ingredient in bakery formulations due to its notable fiber and protein content. Thus, we formulated different pancake samples by replacing wheat flour (WF) with 10, 20, and 30% of AP, denoted as AP10, AF 20, and AP30, respectively, alongside a control sample (CP). We evaluated Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) and Water Solubility Index (WSI) on WF, AP, different WF and AP mixes, and batters' rheology. Lastly, we assessed the pancakes' physical, technological, and compositional parameters. The consistency index, flow index, and density increased from CP to AP30. A similar trend was observed for the textural parameter of hardness and chewiness, while cohesiveness slightly decreased. The pancake diameter and height were higher in fortified samples than in CP. A noticeable shift from brighter to darker color was observed from CP to AP30, with an increase in the a* (toward red) and b* parameters (toward blue). AP can represent a valuable ingredient for baked good fortification.

РАЗВИТИЕ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РЕГИОНОВ ПРИВОЛЖСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Currently, in the context of active transformation of the global economy, innovation plays a key role in the development of regions. This is especially noticeable in industrialized countries, where the prospects for sustainable economic growth are closely linked to the integration of the latest scientific and technological achievements, including progress in the fields of information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, as well as the introduction of new materials and technologies aimed at saving resources and protecting the environment . The development of the scientific and technological potential of the regions of the Russian Federation is recognized as a priority task at the state level. Issues of developing and implementing strategies that can stimulate the scientific and technological development of the regional economy occupy a central place in discussions at the highest government level and in scientific circles. The Volga Federal District of Russia stands out among other regions due to its high scientific and technological activity. Analysis of the scientific and technological potential of a given region, taking into account its scientific, technological and economic characteristics, is an important task, which provides for the relevance of developing special territorial strategies and methods for assessing scientific and technological development. The object of the study is the scientific and technological potential of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to assess the state, problems and prospects for the development of the scientific and technological potential of the regions of the Volga Federal District. Research methods: statistical analysis, comparative analysis, documentary method, general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of this research includes the identification and analysis of key factors that influence scientific and technological potential, as well as determining the directions of its development in the regions of the Volga Federal District.

УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКИЙ УЧЕТ ЗАТРАТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ

This article discusses the main approaches to management accounting of costs for the production of cable-harness products, taking into account technological features. The purpose of management accounting for the costs of the production process is to study information on both the expenditure side and the income side, taking into account the resulting finished product. The process of producing cable products in modern industry is a complex and multi-stage procedure; accordingly, the management accounting system must take into account all technical, technological and economic factors. In the management accounting system, production stages require special attention to every detail of the process, including compliance with all accounting and technological requirements and standards. The article examines the stages of manufacturing cable-harness products, based on production technology, presents the features of management cost accounting in relation to each stage, proposes fundamental approaches to forming a business development strategy for an economic entity in the management accounting system, develops classification characteristics and approaches to carrying out research in management accounting, examples from practice in the relevant production are given.

Optical design and bandgap engineering in ultrathin multiple quantum well solar cell featuring photonic nanocavity

AbstractUltrathin solar cells are efficient and captivating devices with unique technological and scientific features in terms of minimal material consumption, fast fabrication processes, and good compatibility with semi‐transparent applications. Such photovoltaic (PV) technologies can enable effective synergy between optical and electronic confinements with large tuning capabilities of all the optoelectronic characteristics. In this work, the implications of the optical design and the bandgap engineering in ultrathin hydrogenated amorphous Si/Ge multiple quantum well (MQW) solar cells featuring photonic nanocavity are analyzed based on experimental measurements and optoelectronic modelling. By changing the period thicknesses and the positions of QWs inside the deep‐subwavelength nanophotonic resonator, the spatial and spectral distributions of the optical field and the local absorption are strongly affected. This leads to a modulation of the absorption resonance condition, the absorption edge and the resulting photocurrent outputs. Because of quantum confinement effect, the change of MQW configurations with different individual QW periods while keeping similar total thickness of about 20 nm alters both the bandgap energy and the band offset at the QW/barrier heterojunctions. This in turn controls the photovoltage as well as the carrier collection efficiency in solar cells. The highest open circuit voltage and fill factor values are achieved by employing MQW device configuration with 2.5 nm‐thin QWs. A record efficiency above 5.5% is reached for such emerging ultrathin Si/Ge MQW solar cell technology using thinner QWs with sufficient number, because of the optimum trade‐off between all the optoelectronic characteristic outputs. The presented design rules for opaque ultrathin solar cells with quantum‐confined nanostructures integrated in a photonic nanocavity can be generalized for the engineering of relevant multifunctional semitransparent PV devices.

A Survey on Reversible Data Hiding for Uncompressed Images

Reversible data hiding (RDH) has developed various theories and algorithms since the early 1990s. The existing works involve a large amount of specialized knowledge, making it difficult for researchers, especially primary learners, to have a good grounding in the basic ideas. In this survey, we will review the mainstream RDH algorithms in uncompressed images and analyze their unique features to provide readers with an introduction to basic topics in RDH. We analyze the most effective RDH frameworks and their common extensions. The classic techniques, including lossless compression-based RDH, difference expansion, integer transform, histogram shifting, prediction-error expansion (PEE), and their extensions, will be reviewed first. Then, three currently popular investigated schemes, i.e., multiple histograms modification, pairwise PEE, and pixel-value-ordering, are presented in detail. Four aspects of these mainstream techniques are reviewed and analyzed, including the evolution of embedding frameworks, detailed technological features, extensions, and the current state of the art. Furthermore, we look forward the possible future research based on early-age motivations.